Osteoporosis involves:
Bone Loss: Reduced bone density and mass due to an imbalance between bone formation and resorption.
Microarchitectural Changes: Weakening of bone structure, making bones more susceptible to fractures.
Increased Fracture Risk: Bones become fragile and prone to fractures, especially in the spine, hips, and wrists.
Clinical Evaluation
Symptoms: Assessment of symptoms such as loss of height over time, back pain, and fractures from minor trauma.
Physical Examination: Examination findings may include signs of kyphosis (hunched back) or bone tenderness.
Diagnostic Tests: Imaging studies such as DXA (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan to measure bone density, and blood tests to rule out secondary causes.
Loss of height over time (due to vertebral compression fractures).
Back pain, caused by fractures or collapsed vertebrae.
Bone fractures from minor trauma or even without apparent cause.
Stooped posture (kyphosis) due to vertebral fractures.
Reduced grip strength and muscle weakness.
Management aims to prevent fractures and maintain bone health:
Medications: Calcium and vitamin D supplements, bisphosphonates, and other medications to slow bone loss.
Lifestyle Changes: Weight-bearing exercises, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, and fall prevention strategies.
Dietary Modifications: Ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D intake through diet or supplements.
Regular Monitoring: Follow-up DXA scans to monitor bone density and adjust treatment as needed.
Fall Prevention: Home modifications, physical therapy, and balance exercises to reduce the risk of falls.